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Atomic: M.A.C. | Reference
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Copper
Electrons per shell 2,8,18,1
Electron Configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s1 open electron config
Ground state 2S1/2
Atomic Volume 7.1 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 1.90
Magnetic ordering Diamagnetic
Mass magnetic susceptibility -1.08 x 10-9
Molar magnetic susceptibility -6.86 x 10-11
Speed of sound 3810 m s-1
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 338.9 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 13.0 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 306.7 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 24.440 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 401 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion 16.5 μm m-1 K-1
Hardness
Brinell hardness 874 MPa
Mohs hardness 3.0
Vickers hardness 369 MPa
Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus 140 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.34
Shear modulus 48 GPa
Young's modulus 130 GPa
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m
Electrical conductivity 0.596 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 1.1855 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 4.65 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 34
Ionization Potential  
First 7.726
Second 20.292
Third 36.83
Incompatibilities Oxidizers, alkalis, sodium azide (NaN3), acetylene (C2H2).
Flammability
Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 8.04778 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 8.02783 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 20.25) 8.90529 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 0.9297 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 0.9297 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 18) 0.9498 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 1) 1.023 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 1) 1.023 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 5) 0.832 KeV
Ll (intensity 11) 0.8121 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 135 pm
Bohr Radius 145 pm
Covalent Radius 138 pm
Van der Waals 140 pm
Triple covalent 120 pm
Metallic 128 pm
Oxidation States
Main Cu+2
Other Cu-1, Cu0, Cu+1, Cu+3, Cu+4
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 745.4
M+ - M2+ 1958
M2+ - M3+ 3554
M3+ - M4+ 5326
M4+ - M5+ 7709
M5+ - M6+ 9940
M6+ - M7+ 13400
M7+ - M8+ 16000
M8+ - M9+ 19200
M9+ - M10+ 22400
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836
Crystal Structure
Structure Cubic close packed
a = 361.49 pm
b = 361.49 pm
c = 361.49 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 90°